Appendix

Bedside calculators

Validated scores with instant interpretation. Decision support only — confirm with clinical judgement.

CHA₂DS₂-VASc

Stroke risk in atrial fibrillation

1
Anticoagulation should be considered.

HEART score

Major cardiac events in chest pain

History (0 slightly – 2 highly suspicious)
ECG (0 normal – 2 significant ST deviation)
Risk factors (0 none – 2 ≥3 or known atherosclerosis)
Troponin (0 ≤ normal – 2 >3× normal)
1
Low risk (≈0.9–1.7% MACE at 6 weeks): consider early discharge.

Wells (PE)

Pre-test probability of pulmonary embolism

0
PE unlikely (≤4): D-dimer; if negative, PE excluded.

Cockcroft–Gault CrCl

Renal dose adjustment

77.8 mL/min
CrCl ≥60 mL/min: standard dosing for most renally cleared drugs.

qSOFA

Sepsis risk outside the ICU

0
<2: lower risk; keep reassessing if infection suspected.

CURB-65

Pneumonia severity

0
0–1: low mortality; consider outpatient treatment.